This result indicates that olfactory stimuli may be better at facilitating stress reduction than visual stimuli.
High pleasantness ratings of the environment were linked to low physiological stress responses for olfactory and to some extent for auditory, but not for visual stimuli.
The park and forest, but not the urban area, provided significant stress reduction.
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Participants (N = 154) were pseudo-randomised into participating in one of the three environments and subsequently exposed to stress (operationalised by skin conductance levels). Here, we compare the effects of visual stimuli (360 degree virtual photos of an urban environment, forest, and park) to the effects of congruent olfactory stimuli (nature and city odours) and auditory stimuli (bird songs and noise) on physiological stress recovery. There is, however, a lack of understanding of the link between physiological mechanisms and qualities of urban green spaces. Although stress is an increasing global health problem in cities, urban green spaces can provide health benefits.
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